Theo van Gogh

Theodoor van Gogh (23 July 1957 – 2 November 2004) was a Dutch film director.

He directed Submission: Part 1, a short film written by Somali writer and politician Ayaan Hirsi Ali, which criticised the treatment of women in Islam in strong terms.

Theodoor van Gogh was born on 23 July 1957 in The Hague to Anneke and Johan van Gogh.

His father served in the Dutch secret service (AIVD, then called BVD).

He was named after his paternal uncle Theo, who was captured and executed while working as a resistance fighter during the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands during World War II.

Theo van Gogh was a great-grandson of Theo van Gogh, an art dealer who was the brother of painter Vincent van Gogh.

After dropping out of law school at the University of Amsterdam, Van Gogh became a stage manager.

In the 1980s, Van Gogh became a newspaper columnist.

Through the years he used his columns to express his frustration with politicians, actors, film directors, writers and other people he considered to be part of "the establishment".

He delighted in provocation and became a controversial figure, frequently criticising Islamic cultures.

He used his website, De Gezonde Roker ("The Healthy Smoker"), to express harsh criticism of multicultural society.

He said the Netherlands was so rife with social turmoil that it was in danger of turning into "something Belfast-like".

Working from a script written by Ayaan Hirsi Ali, Van Gogh created the 10-minute short film Submission.

The movie deals with violence against women in Islamic societies; it tells the stories of four abused Muslim women.

The title, Submission, is a translation of the word "Islam" into English.

In the film, women's naked bodies, with texts from the Qur'an written on them in henna, in an allusion to traditional wedding rituals in some cultures, are veiled with semi-transparent shrouds as the women kneel in prayer, telling their stories as if they are speaking to Allah.

His self-proclaimed passion was filmmaking, and he made his debut as a director with the movie Luger (1981).

From the 1990s, Van Gogh also worked in television.

As an actor, he appeared in the film, De noorderlingen ("The Northerners", 1992).

He made numerous films (see below), many on political themes.

He was awarded a Gouden Kalf for Blind Date (1996) and In het belang van de staat ("In the Interest of the State", 1997).

For the latter, he also received a "Certificate of Merit" from the San Francisco International Film Festival.

He was a friend and supporter of the controversial Dutch politician Pim Fortuyn, who was assassinated in 2002.

His last book (2003) was Allah weet het beter ("Allah Knows Best"), in which he strongly condemned Islam.

He was a well-known critic of Islam, particularly after the Iranian Revolution and the September 11 attacks.

He supported the nomination of writer Ayaan Hirsi Ali for the Dutch parliament, who was elected.

Born in Somalia, she had immigrated to the Netherlands to escape an arranged marriage.

She became a writer and liberal (former PvdA Labour Party) politician.

On 2 November 2004, he was murdered by Mohammed Bouyeri, a Dutch-Moroccan Islamist who objected to the film's message.

The last film Van Gogh had completed before his murder, 06/05, was a fictional exploration of the assassination of Dutch politician Pim Fortuyn.

It was released posthumously in December 2004, a month after Van Gogh's death, and two years after Fortuyn's death.

In August 2004, after the movie's broadcast on Dutch public TV, the newspaper De Volkskrant reported that the journalist Francisco van Jole had accused Hirsi Ali and Van Gogh of plagiarism, saying that they had appropriated the ideas of Iranian-American video artist Shirin Neshat, whose work used Arabic text projected onto bodies.

Following the broadcast, both Van Gogh and Hirsi Ali received death threats.

Van Gogh did not take the threats seriously and refused any protection.

According to Hirsi Ali, he said, "Nobody kills the village idiot", a term he frequently used about himself.

Van Gogh was a member of the Dutch Republican society Republikeins Genootschap, which advocates the abolition of the Dutch monarchy.

Van Gogh was shot several times and had his throat slit by Mohammed Bouyeri while cycling to work on 2 November 2004 at about 9 o'clock in the morning.

Bouyeri also injured some bystanders and left a note pinned to Van Gogh's stomach with a knife containing death threats to Ayaan Hirsi Ali, who went into hiding.

The note also threatened Western countries and Jews, and referred to ideologies of the Egyptian organisation Jama'at al-Muslimin.

Bouyeri, a 26-year-old Dutch-Moroccan citizen, was apprehended by police after a chase.