Talcott Parsons

On his mother's side, the Ingersoll line was connected with Edwards and from Edwards on would be a new, independent Parsons line because Edwards' eldest daughter, Sarah, married Elihu Parsons on June 11, 1750.

He was the son of Edward Smith Parsons (1863–1943) and Mary Augusta Ingersoll (1863–1949).

His father had attended Yale Divinity School, was ordained as a Congregationalist minister, and served first as a minister for a pioneer community in Greeley, Colorado.

At the time of Parsons' birth, his father was a professor in English and vice-president at Colorado College.

During his Congregational ministry in Greeley, Edward had become sympathetic to the Social Gospel movement but tended to view it from a higher theological position and was hostile to the ideology of socialism.

Also, both he and Talcott would be familiar with the theology of Jonathan Edwards.

The father would later become the president of Marietta College in Ohio.

Parsons' family is one of the oldest families in American history.

Talcott Parsons (December 13, 1902 – May 8, 1979) was an American sociologist of the classical tradition, best known for his social action theory and structural functionalism.

Parsons is considered one of the most influential figures in sociology in the 20th century.

He was born on December 13, 1902, in Colorado Springs, Colorado.

The first was written on December 19, 1922, "The Theory of Human Behavior in its Individual and Social Aspects."

As an undergraduate, Parsons studied biology and philosophy at Amherst College and received his BA in 1924.

Amherst College had become the Parsons' family college by tradition; his father and his uncle Frank had attended it, as had his elder brother, Charles Edward.

Initially, Parsons was attracted to a career in medicine, as he was inspired by his elder brother so he studied a great deal of biology and spent a summer working at the Oceanographic Institution at Woods Hole, Massachusetts.

Parsons' biology professors at Amherst were Otto C. Glaser and Henry Plough.

Gently mocked as "Little Talcott, the gilded cherub," Parsons became one of the student leaders at Amherst.

Parsons also took courses with Walton Hale Hamilton and the philosopher Clarence Edwin Ayres, both known as "institutional economists".

Hamilton, in particular, Drew Parsons toward social science.

They exposed him to literature by authors such as Thorstein Veblen, John Dewey, and William Graham Sumner.

Parsons also took a course with George Brown in the philosophy of Immanuel Kant and a course in modern German philosophy with Otto Manthey-Zorn, who was a great interpreter of Kant.

Parsons showed from early on, a great interest in the topic of philosophy, which most likely was an echo of his father's great interest in theology in which tradition he had been profoundly socialized, a position unlike with his professors'.

Two term papers that Parsons wrote as a student for Clarence E. Ayres's class in Philosophy III at Amherst have survived.

They are referred to as the Amherst Papers and have been of strong interest to Parsons scholars.

After earning a PhD in economics, he served on the faculty at Harvard University from 1927 to 1973.

In 1930, he was among the first professors in its new sociology department.

Later, he was instrumental in the establishment of the Department of Social Relations at Harvard.

Based on empirical data, Parsons' social action theory was the first broad, systematic, and generalizable theory of social systems developed in the United States and Europe.

Some of Parsons' largest contributions to sociology in the English-speaking world were his translations of Max Weber's work and his analyses of works by Max Weber, Émile Durkheim, and Vilfredo Pareto.

Their work heavily influenced Parsons' view and was the foundation for his social action theory.

Parsons viewed voluntaristic action through the lens of the cultural values and social structures that constrain choices and ultimately determine all social actions, as opposed to actions that are determined based on internal psychological processes.

Sociology courses have placed less emphasis on his theories than at the peak of his popularity (from the 1940s to the 1970s).

However, there has been a recent resurgence of interest in his ideas.

Parsons was a strong advocate for the professionalization of sociology and its expansion in American academia.

He was elected president of the American Sociological Association in 1949 and served as its secretary from 1960 to 1965.

From the 1970s on, a new generation of sociologists criticized Parsons' theories as socially conservative and his writings as unnecessarily complex.

Although Parsons is generally considered a structural functionalist, towards the end of his career, in 1975, he published an article that stated that "functional" and "structural functionalist" were inappropriate ways to describe the character of his theory.

His ancestors were some of the first to arrive from England in the first half of the 17th century.

The family's heritage had two separate and independently developed Parsons lines, both to the early days of American history deeper into British history.

On his father's side, the family could be traced back to the Parsons of York, Maine.