Subhi al-Tufayli

Subhi al-Tufayli (صبحي الطفيلي; born 1948) is a senior Lebanese Shi'ite cleric and politician who founded the Hezbollah militant group in 1982 and was its first Secretary-General from 1989 until 1991.

From a comparatively young age, Tufayli achieved popular following amongst Lebanese Shi'ite community, who viewed him as the most learned Shi'ite scholar in the Beqaa Valley.

Al-Tufayli is a Shia Islamist, but is a very vocal critic of Iran and the current Hezbollah leadership.

Al-Tufayli also promoted the cause against the corruption in South Lebanon, Beirut and the whole state, as Musa al-Sadr did, in his Movement of the 1970s.

Returning to Lebanon, al-Tufayli joined with Abbas al-Musawi to help found the Shiite Islamic group of Hezbollah in the Beqaa Valley in 1982.

Beqaa is one of Hezbollah's three main regions of support in Lebanon.

Tufayli attained reputation as the most learned Shi'ite cleric in the Beqaa Valley from a comparatively young age.

Viewing him as the top-ranking Shia religious cleric within its ranks, Hezbollah elected al-Tufayli as their "President of the Islamic Republic" of Ba'albek.

Hezbollah militant units patrolled Beqaa valley, enforcing strict religious norms and dress-codes amongst its residents; and banned Western cultural trends.

Hezbollah's hostage-taking campaign had wound down since the "Kuwait 17" bombers of the 1983 Kuwait bombings who were linked to leading Hezbollah members were now free, and the Taif Agreement had essentially ended the Civil War in Lebanon.

In 1984, al-Tufayli was replaced by Abbas al-Musawi as head of Hezbollah.

After the death of Khomeini in 1989, Hezbollah saw increasing Iranian control and was made to undergo fundamental structural changes.

During the first conclave of the organization in 1989, Al-Tufayli was chosen as the first Secretary-General of Hezbollah, a position he held until 1991.

However, the period was marked by heavy factionalism within the organization, between Tufayli's followers who pursued a more independent policy and the Nasrallah faction that toed a staunchly pro-Iranian line.

Tufayli supporters got systematically sidelined and the Nasrallah faction steadily gained ascendency in the organization structures with the backing of Iranian Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei and Iranian President Rafsanjani.

Tufayli's split with Hezbollah arose during 1990s after the death of co-founder Abbas al-Mousavi, when the faction of Hassan Nasrallah favoured by Iran began to emerge dominant.

The main dispute was over Tufayli's insistence on shunning Lebanese politics and instead focus on fighting armed insurgency against Israel, which the Nasrallah faction downplayed.

As flashpoint in the rivalry was Tufayli's opposition to Hezbollah's participation in 1992 general elections, which was supported by Ali Khamenei.

Tufayli viewed this as a distraction from the more pressing armed struggle against Zionist occupation of Southern Lebanon.

Despite strong protests from the Tufayli faction, Hezbollah participated in elections, winning 12 seats and effectively transformed into a political party within the Lebanese system.

This culminated in the appointment of Khamenei loyalist Hassan Nasrallah as the third Secretary-General of Hezbollah during its third conclave in 1993.

By 1994, Tufayli had publicly admitted that he no longer any influence in the group: "'I am an ordinary militant, and I do not participate in decision-making. This has been true since the time of the legislative elections.'"

Al-Tufayli continued to oppose Hezbollah's participation in Lebanese national elections and its "moderation" toward the Lebanese state.

He also disagreed with Hizbollah’s support of the Government crack down on drug cultivation.

al-Tufayli himself however stated that the internal split in Hezbollah was caused by Iran's take over of Hezbollah from the original Lebanese leadership, and Iran's opposition to tactics under his leadership of violence against Israel and a demand to the end of the state of Israel; al Tufayli stated explicitly that Iran wanted to use Hezbollah as a "border guard" for Israel.

On 4 July 1997 he organised a protest demonstration in Baalbeck.

Despite being banned and the army being deployed in attempt to prevent people attending an estimated 10,000 people took part in the demonstration.

The protest received support from Zahle and Dany Chamoun.

Al-Tufayli said it is "completely unacceptable that a human being could be humiliated because of poverty or because they were in need."

In the autumn he organised demonstrations in sixty villages around Brital and Nabi Chit protesting neglect of rural areas and competition from imported crops.

Roads were blocked with burning tyres and dumped farm produce.

Around 3,000 troops were deployed and 23 protesters arrested.

One of the triggers of the protest was the increase of school fees for the new academic year to $300 per child.

At the time the average annual per capita income in the Beqaa valley was less than $500.

Al-Tufayli advocated refusing to pay taxes and stopping repayment of UNDP soft loans.

After violent confrontations between Tufayli's followers and Hezbollah members, he was expelled from Hezbollah in 1998.

The cleric has since been active as a fierce opponent of Hezbollah and Iran; and has urged his followers to stand against Iranian hegemony in the region.

Al-Tufayli spent nine years studying theology in the city of Najaf, Iraq, during the Saddam Hussein era, where he met other Islamist clerics, and he was influenced by Lebanese cleric Musa al-Sadr.

In January 1998 al-Tufayli and MP Khadr Tulays were expelled from Hizbollah.

A week later, 30 January, al-Tufayli and a group of armed men took over a school in Baalbek where Hizbollah officials were meeting.