Stepan Bandera

Mykola Mikhnovsky's 1900 publication, Independent Ukraine, influenced Bandera greatly.

Stepan Andriyovych Bandera (Степа́н Андрі́йович Банде́ра, ; Stepan Andrijowycz Bandera; nickname Baba, also known as Stefan Popel; 1 January 1909 – 15 October 1959) was a Ukrainian far-right leader of the radical militant wing of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN-B).

Bandera was born in Austria-Hungary, in Galicia, into the family of a priest of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, and grew up in Poland.

Stepan Bandera was born on 1 January 1909 in Staryi Uhryniv, Galicia, Austria-Hungary to Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church priest Andriy Bandera (1882–1941) and Myroslava Głodzińska (1890–1921).

Bandera had seven siblings, three sisters and four brothers.

Bandera's younger brothers included Oleksandr, who earned a doctorate in political economy at the University of Rome, and Vasyl, who finished a degree in philosophy at the University of Lviv.

Bandera grew up in a patriotic and religious household.

He did not attend primary school due to World War I and was taught at home by his parents.

At a young age, Bandera was undersized and slim.

He sang in a choir, played guitar and mandolin, enjoyed hiking, jogging, swimming, ice skating, basketball and chess.

After the dissolution of Austria-Hungary in the wake of World War I, Eastern Galicia briefly became part of the West Ukrainian People's Republic.

Bandera's father, who joined the Ukrainian Galician Army as a chaplain, was active in the nationalist movement preceding the Polish–Ukrainian War, which was fought between November 1918 to July 1919 and ended with Ukrainian defeat and incorporation of Eastern Galicia into Poland.

Involved in nationalist organizations from a young age, he joined the Ukrainian Military Organization in 1924.

After graduating from a Ukrainian high school in Stryi in 1927, where he was engaged in a number of youth organizations, Bandera planned to attend the Husbandry Academy in Czechoslovakia, but he either did not get a passport or the Academy notified him that it was closed.

In 1927 Bandera joined Ukrainian Military Organization (UVO).

In 1928, Bandera enrolled in the agronomy program at the Politechnika Lwowska in its branch in Dubliany, but never completed his studies due to his political activities and arrests.

Bandera associated himself with a variety of Ukrainian organizations during his time in high school, particularly Plast, Sokil, and Organization of the Upper Grades of the Ukrainian High Schools (OVKUH).

The first time was on 14 November 1928, for illegally celebrating the 10th anniversary of the ZUNR; in 1930 with his brother Andrii; and in 1932-33 as many as six times.

In February 1929 he joined Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN).

Bandera was drawn into national activity by Stepan Okhrymovych, one of the leaders of the Ukrainian youth movement.

During his studies, he devoted his efforts to underground and nationalist activities, for which he was arrested several times.

In 1931, he became head of propaganda of the Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN), and later became head of the OUN for Poland in 1932.

Between March and June 1932, he spent three months in prison in connection with the investigation of the assassination of Emilian Czechowski by Iurii Berezynskyi.

In 1934, he organized the assassination of Polish Interior Minister Bronisław Pieracki.

He was sentenced to death, subsequently commuted to life imprisonment.

Bandera was freed from prison in 1939 following the invasion of Poland, and moved to Kraków.

From 1940, he stood at the head of the radical faction of the OUN, OUN-B.

On 22 June 1941, the day Germany attacked the USSR, he formed the Ukrainian National Committee.

The head of the Committee, Yaroslav Stetsko, announced the creation of the Ukrainian state on 30 June 1941, in German-captured Lviv.

The proclamation pledged to work with Nazi Germany.

The Germans disapproved of the proclamation, and for his refusal to rescind the decree, Bandera was arrested by the Gestapo.

He was released in September 1944 by the Germans in hope that he could fight the Soviet advance.

Bandera negotiated with the Nazis to create the Ukrainian National Army and the Ukrainian National Committee in March 1945.

After the war, Bandera settled with his family in West Germany.

In 1959, Bandera was assassinated by a KGB agent in Munich.

Bandera remains a highly controversial figure in Ukraine.

Many Ukrainians hail him as a role model hero, or as a martyred liberation fighter, while other Ukrainians, particularly in the south and east, condemn him as a fascist, or Nazi collaborator, whose followers, called Banderites, were responsible for massacres of Polish and Jewish civilians during World War II.

On 22 January 2010, Viktor Yushchenko, the then president of Ukraine, awarded Bandera the posthumous title of Hero of Ukraine, which was widely condemned.

The award was subsequently annulled in 2011 given that Stepan Bandera was never a Ukrainian citizen.

The controversy regarding Bandera's legacy gained further prominence following Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022.