Sidney Gottlieb

Sidney Gottlieb (August 3, 1918 – March 7, 1999) was an American chemist and spymaster who headed the Central Intelligence Agency's 1950s and 1960s assassination attempts and mind-control program, known as Project MKUltra.

Gottlieb was born to Hungarian Jewish immigrant parents Fanny and Louis Gottlieb in the Bronx on August 3, 1918.

His older brother was plant biologist David Gottlieb.

A stutterer since childhood, he earned a master's degree in speech therapy from San Jose State University after retiring from the CIA.

He was born with a club foot, which got him rejected from military service in World War II but did not prevent his pursuit of folk dancing, a lifelong passion.

Gottlieb graduated from James Monroe High School in 1936, and enrolled in the free City College in NYC.

He decided to transfer to a school that offered a legitimate agricultural biology course, and wished to attend the University of Wisconsin.

In order to take the specialized courses he wished to have, he first attended Arkansas Tech University, where he studied botany, organic chemistry, and principles of dairying.

His success at ATU won him admission to the University of Wisconsin, where he was mentored by Ira Baldwin, the assistant dean of the College of Agriculture.

Gottlieb graduated magna cum laude in 1940.

His accomplishments at the university, paired with a glowing recommendation from Baldwin, won him admission to the California Institute of Technology, where he received his Doctorate in Biochemistry in June 1943, writing his thesis on "Studies of Ascorbic Acid in Cowpeas."

Gottlieb met his wife Margaret Moore, daughter of a Presbyterian missionary, while attending CIT, and they swiftly married.

Denied the chance of military service, he sought out another way to serve, and began looking for government work in Washington.

By 1948, his wife and two daughters were living in a remote cabin near Vienna, Virginia, that had no electricity or running water.

He was living there when he began working for the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).

His lifestyle was in stark contrast to that of the Ivy League men the CIA normally recruited.

Gottlieb's first government position was at the Department of Agriculture, where he researched the chemical structure of organic soils.

He later transferred to the Food and Drug Administration, where he developed tests to measure the presence of drugs in the human body.

Gottlieb grew bored with this work and sought a more challenging position.

In 1948, he found a job at the National Research Council, where he described being "exposed to some interesting work concerning ergot alkaloids as vasoconstrictors and hallucinogens."

He soon relocated to the University of Maryland as a research associate dedicated to studying metabolisms of fungi.

On July 13, 1951, Gottlieb had his first day of work at the CIA.

Then-Deputy Director for Plans Allen Dulles hired him on Ira Baldwin's recommendation.

Baldwin had founded and run the biowarfare program at Fort Detrick years earlier, and had kept Gottlieb in his orbit throughout the years.

Gottlieb, who had advanced knowledge of poisons, was making his entrance in the early years of the Cold War.

In the years after World War II, American paranoia about the infiltration of Communist ideology whipped the country into a nationalistic fervor to protect American cultural and political dominance from a supposed impending Soviet takeover.

This also contributed to the CIA rapidly expanding its experimental methods and tactics over the next two decades, in an effort to break down and rebuild the human mind to work in its favor, falsely believing that the USSR and The People's Republic of China had already mastered brainwashing and were using it against their own citizens and prisoners.

This belief drove the CIA's early forays into mind control operations and led to justifications of countless horrific acts, often with no oversight or accountability.

Project BLUEBIRD was already under way when Gottlieb was brought on board; it experimented with "Special Interrogation" techniques on captured prisoners overseas at black sites like Camp King, Fort Clayton, and Villa Schuster, using drugs to attempt to break their ego control and elicit information.

But Bluebird lacked scientific knowledge and obedience; Dulles wanted Gottlieb to get it back on course.

After proceeding through training, he was named chief of the newly formed Chemical Division of the Technical Services Staff (TSS).

On August 20, 1951, Dulles ordered Bluebird to be expanded and centralized, and renamed the Project Artichoke, which quickly became a power base for Gottlieb.

Dulles was promoted to Deputy Director of Central Intelligence days after intensifying Artichoke's scale.

This assured protection and encouragement for all of Gottlieb's future mind-control projects from the highest levels of the U.S. government.

Dulles and Gottlieb both believed there was a way to influence and control the human mind that could lead to global mastery.

They also wanted a "truth serum", something that had been investigated during the days of the OSS but never fully realized.

Gottlieb conducted experiments using THC, cocaine, heroin, and mescaline before realizing LSD had not been properly tested or investigated by the agency.

After trying LSD for the first time himself, Gottlieb accelerated LSD experiments at the agency, testing it on agents who agreed to be dosed under controlled environments and some who agreed to be dosed by surprise.

LSD had been invented only a decade earlier, and few Americans knew it existed.

After months of experimenting on agents and prisoners left Gottlieb unsatisfied, he sought help from the Special Operations Division at Detrick.