Philip Zimbardo

Philip George Zimbardo (born March 23, 1933) is an American psychologist and a professor emeritus at Stanford University.

Zimbardo was born in New York City on March 23, 1933, to a family of Italian immigrants from Cammarata in Sicily.

Early in life he experienced discrimination and prejudice, growing up poor on welfare in the South Bronx, and being Italian.

He was often mistaken for other races and ethnicities such as Jewish, Puerto Rican or black.

Zimbardo has said these experiences early in life triggered his curiosity about people's behavior, and later influenced his research in school.

He completed his B.A. with a triple major in psychology, sociology, and anthropology from Brooklyn College in 1954, where he graduated summa cum laude.

He completed his M.S. (1955) and PhD (1959) in psychology from Yale University, where Neal E. Miller was his advisor.

He taught at Yale from 1959 to 1960.

From 1960 to 1967, he was a professor of psychology at New York University College of Arts & Science.

While at Yale, he married fellow graduate student Rose Abdelnour; they had a son in 1962 and divorced in 1971.

From 1967 to 1968, he taught at Columbia University.

He joined the faculty at Stanford University in 1968.

He became known for his 1971 Stanford prison experiment, which was later severely criticized for both ethical and scientific reasons.

He has authored various introductory psychology textbooks for college students, and other notable works, including The Lucifer Effect, The Time Paradox, and The Time Cure.

He is also the founder and president of the Heroic Imagination Project.

In 1971, Zimbardo accepted a tenured position as professor of psychology at Stanford University.

With a government grant from the U.S. Office of Naval Research, he conducted the Stanford prison study in which 24 male college students were selected (from an applicant pool of 75).

After a mental health screening, the remaining men were randomly assigned to be "prisoners" or "guards" in a mock prison located in the basement of the psychology building at Stanford.

Prisoners were confined to a 6' × 9' cell with black steel-barred doors.

The only furniture in each cell was a cot.

Solitary confinement was a small unlit closet.

Zimbardo's goal for the Stanford Prison study was to assess the psychological effect on a (randomly assigned) student of becoming a prisoner or prison guard.

"Zimbardo's primary reason for conducting the experiment was to focus on the power of roles, rules, symbols, group identity and situational validation of behavior that generally would repulse ordinary individuals. 'I had been conducting research for some years on deindividuation, vandalism and dehumanization that illustrated the ease with which ordinary people could be led to engage in anti-social acts by putting them in situations where they felt anonymous, or they could perceive of others in ways that made them less than human, as enemies or objects,' Zimbardo told the Toronto symposium in the summer of 1996."

Zimbardo himself took part in the study, playing the role of "prison superintendent" who could mediate disputes between guards and prisoners.

He instructed guards to find ways to dominate the prisoners, not with physical violence, but with other tactics, verging on torture, such as sleep deprivation and punishment with solitary confinement.

Later in the experiment, as some guards became more aggressive, taking away prisoners' cots (so that they had to sleep on the floor), and forcing them to use buckets kept in their cells as toilets, and then refusing permission to empty the buckets, neither the other guards nor Zimbardo himself intervened.

Knowing that their actions were observed but not rebuked, guards considered that they had implicit approval for such actions.

In later interviews, several guards told interviewers that they knew what Zimbardo wanted to have happen, and they did their best to make that happen.

Less than two full days into the study, one inmate pretended to suffer from depression, uncontrolled rage and other mental dysfunctions.

The prisoner was eventually released after screaming and acting in an unstable manner in front of the other inmates.

He later revealed that he faked this "breakdown" to get out of the study early to focus on school.

This prisoner was replaced with one of the alternates.

By the end of the study, the guards had won complete control over all of their prisoners and were using their authority to its greatest extent.

One prisoner had even gone as far as to go on a hunger strike.

When he refused to eat, the guards put him into solitary confinement for three hours (even though their own rules stated the limit that a prisoner could be in solitary confinement was only one hour).

Instead of the other prisoners looking at this inmate as a hero and following along in his strike, they chanted together that he was a bad prisoner and a troublemaker.

Prisoners and guards had rapidly adapted to their roles, stepping beyond the boundaries of what had been predicted and leading to dangerous and psychologically damaging situations.

Zimbardo himself started to give in to the roles of the situation.

He had to be shown the reality of the study by Christina Maslach, his girlfriend and future wife, who had just received her doctorate in psychology.

A 1997 article from the Stanford News Service described the experiment's goals in more detail: