Mulk Raj Anand

Mulk Raj Anand (12 December 1905 – 28 September 2004) was an Indian writer in English, recognised for his depiction of the lives of the poorer castes in traditional Indian society.

One of the pioneers of Indo-Anglian fiction, he, together with R. K. Narayan, Ahmad Ali and Raja Rao, was one of the first India-based writers in English to gain an International readership.

Anand is admired for his novels and short stories, which have acquired the status of classics of modern Indian English literature; they are noted for their perceptive insight into the lives of the oppressed and for their analysis of impoverishment, exploitation and misfortune.

Anand studied at Khalsa College, Amritsar, graduating with honours in 1924 before moving to England.

While working in a restaurant to support himself, he attended University College London as an undergraduate and later studied at Cambridge University, earning a Ph.D in Philosophy in 1929 with a dissertation on Bertrand Russell and the English empiricists.

During this time he forged friendships with members of the Bloomsbury Group.

He also spent time in Geneva, lecturing at the League of Nations' International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation.

Dividing his time between London and India during the 1930s and 40s, Anand was active in the Indian independence movement.

While in London, he wrote propaganda on behalf of the Indian cause alongside India's future Defence Minister V. K. Krishna Menon, while trying to make a living as a novelist and journalist.

At the same time, he supported Left causes elsewhere around the globe, traveling to Spain to volunteer in the Spanish Civil War, although his role in the conflict was more journalistic than military.

He spent World War II working as a scriptwriter for the BBC in London, where he became a friend of George Orwell.

He became known for his protest novel Untouchable (1935), followed by other works on the Indian poor such as Coolie (1936) and Two Leaves and a Bud (1937).

He is also noted for being among the first writers to incorporate Punjabi and Hindustani idioms into English, and was a recipient of the civilian honour of the Padma Bhushan.

Mulk Raj Anand was born in a Hindu Khatri family in Peshawar.

His first novel, Untouchable, published in 1935, is a chilling exposé of the lives of India's untouchable caste which were neglected at that time.

The novel follows a single day in the life of Bakha, a toilet-cleaner, who accidentally bumps into a member of a higher caste, triggering a series of humiliations.

Bakha searches for salve to the tragedy of the destiny into which he was born, talking with a Christian missionary, listening to a speech about untouchability by Mahatma Gandhi and a subsequent conversation between two educated Indians, but by the end of the book Anand suggests that it is technology, in the form of the newly introduced flush toilet, that may be his savior by eliminating the need for a caste of toilet cleaners.

Untouchable, which captures the vernacular inventiveness of the Punjabi and Hindi idiom in English was widely acclaimed, and won Anand his reputation as India's Charles Dickens.

The novel's introduction was written by his friend E. M. Forster, whom he met while working on T. S. Eliot's magazine Criterion.

Forster writes: "Avoiding rhetoric and circumlocution, it has gone straight to the heart of its subject and purified it."

Anand married English actress and communist Kathleen Van Gelder in 1938; they had a daughter, Susheela, before divorcing in 1948.

Mulk Raj Anand's literary career was launched by a family tragedy arising from the rigidity of India's caste system.

His first prose essay was a response to the suicide of an aunt excommunicated by her family for sharing a meal with a Muslim woman.

Prominent among his novels are The Village (1939), Across the Black Waters (1939), The Sword and the Sickle (1942), all written in England; Coolie (1936) and The Private Life of an Indian Prince (1953) are perhaps the most important of his works written in India.

He also founded a literary magazine, Marg, and taught in various universities.

Anand was associated with the BBC's Eastern Service radio station in the 1940s where he broadcast literary programs including book reviews, author biographies, and interviews with authors like Inez Holden.

In a multi-part broadcast program that he hosted, he discussed poetry and literary criticism, often calling for working class narratives in fiction.

Anand was a lifelong socialist.

Orwell's review of Anand's 1942 novel The Sword and the Sickle hints at the significance of its publication: "Although Mr. Anand's novel would still be interesting on its own merits if it had been written by an Englishman, it is impossible to read it without remembering every few pages that it is also a cultural curiosity. The growth of an English-language Indian literature is a strange phenomenon, and it will have its effect on the post-war world".

He was also a friend of Picasso and had paintings by Picasso in his personal art collection.

Anand returned to India in 1947 and continued his prodigious literary output here.

His work includes poetry and essays on a wide range of subjects, as well as autobiographies, novels and short stories.

In 1950 Anand embarked on a project to write a seven-part autobiographical novel titled Seven Ages of Man, of which he was only able to complete four parts beginning in 1951 with Seven Summers, followed by Morning Face (1968), Confession of a Lover (1976) and The Bubble (1984).

Like much of his later work, it contains elements of his spiritual journey as he struggles to attain a higher degree of self-awareness.

His 1953 novel The Private Life of an Indian Prince is autobiographical in the manner of the rest of his subsequent oeuvre.

His 1964 novel Death of a Hero was based on the life of Maqbool Sherwani.

It was adapted as Maqbool Ki Vaapsi on DD Kashir.

During the 1970s, he worked with the International Progress Organization (IPO) on the issue of cultural self-awareness among nations.

His contribution to the conference of the IPO in Innsbruck (Austria) in 1974 had a special influence on debates that later became known under the heading of the "Dialogue among Civilisations".

Anand also delivered a series of lectures on eminent Indians, including Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru and Rabindranath Tagore, commemorating their achievements and significance and paying special attention to their distinct brands of humanism.