Marina Abramovic

Marina Abramović (Марина Абрамовић, ; born November 30, 1946) is a Serbian conceptual and performance artist.

Her work explores body art, endurance art, the relationship between the performer and audience, the limits of the body, and the possibilities of the mind.

Being active for over four decades, Abramović refers to herself as the "grandmother of performance art".

She pioneered a new notion of identity by bringing in the participation of observers, focusing on "confronting pain, blood, and physical limits of the body".

Abramović was born in Belgrade and of Jewish heritage, Serbia, then part of Yugoslavia, on November 30, 1946.

In an interview, Abramović described her family as having been "Red bourgeoisie".

Her great-uncle was Varnava, Serbian Patriarch of the Serbian Orthodox Church.

Both of her Montenegrin-born parents, Danica Rosić and Vojin Abramović, were Yugoslav Partisans during World War II.

After the war, Abramović's parents were awarded Order of the People's Heroes and were given positions in the postwar Yugoslavian government.

Abramović was raised by her grandparents until she was six years old.

Her grandmother was deeply religious and Abramović "spent [her] childhood in a church following [her] grandmother's rituals—candles in the morning, the priest coming for different occasions".

When she was six, her brother was born, and she began living with her parents while also taking piano, French, and English lessons.

Although she did not take art lessons, she took an early interest in art and enjoyed painting as a child.

Life in Abramović's parental home under her mother's strict supervision was difficult.

When Abramović was a child, her mother beat her for "supposedly showing off".

She was a student at the Academy of Fine Arts in Belgrade from 1965 to 1970.

She completed her post-graduate studies in the art class of Krsto Hegedušić at the Academy of Fine Arts in Zagreb, SR Croatia, in 1972.

Then she returned to SR Serbia and, from 1973 to 1975, taught at the Academy of Fine Arts at Novi Sad while launching her first solo performances.

In her first performance in Edinburgh in 1973, Abramović explored elements of ritual and gesture.

Making use of twenty knives and two tape recorders, the artist played the Russian game, in which rhythmic knife jabs are aimed between the splayed fingers of one's hand.

Each time she cut herself, she would pick up a new knife from the row of twenty she had set up, and record the operation.

After cutting herself twenty times, she replayed the tape, listened to the sounds, and tried to repeat the same movements, attempting to replicate the mistakes, merging past and present.

She set out to explore the physical and mental limitations of the body – the pain and the sounds of the stabbing; the double sounds from the history and the replication.

With this piece, Abramović began to consider the state of consciousness of the performer.

"Once you enter into the performance state you can push your body to do things you absolutely could never normally do."

In this performance, Abramović sought to re-evoke the energy of extreme bodily pain, using a large petroleum-drenched star, which the artist lit on fire at the start of the performance.

Standing outside the star, Abramović cut her nails, toenails, and hair.

When finished with each, she threw the clippings into the flames, creating a burst of light each time.

Burning the communist five-pointed star or pentagram represented a physical and mental purification, while also addressing the political traditions of her past.

In the final act of purification, Abramović leapt across the flames into the center of the large pentagram.

At first, due to the light and smoke given off by the fire, the observing audience did not realize that the artist had lost consciousness from lack of oxygen inside the star.

However, when the flames came very near to her body and she still remained inert, a doctor and others intervened and extricated her from the star.

Abramović later commented upon this experience: "I was very angry because I understood there is a physical limit. When you lose consciousness you can't be present, you can't perform."

In 1976, following her marriage to Neša Paripović (between 1971 and 1976), Abramović went to Amsterdam to perform a piece and then decided to move there permanently.

From 1990 to 1995, Abramović was a visiting professor at the Académie des Beaux-Arts in Paris and at the Berlin University of the Arts.

From 1992 to 1996 she also served as a visiting professor at the Hochschule für bildende Künste Hamburg and from 1997 to 2004 she was a professor for performance-art at the Hochschule für bildende Künste Braunschweig.

In an interview published in 1998, Abramović described how her "mother took complete military-style control of me and my brother. I was not allowed to leave the house after 10 o'clock at night until I was 29 years old. ... [A]ll the performances in Yugoslavia I did before 10 o'clock in the evening because I had to be home then. It's completely insane, but all of my cutting myself, whipping myself, burning myself, almost losing my life in 'The Firestar'—everything was done before 10 in the evening."

In 2007, she founded the Marina Abramović Institute (MAI), a non-profit foundation for performance art.

In an interview published in 2013, Abramović said, "My mother and father had a terrible marriage."

Describing an incident when her father smashed 12 champagne glasses and left the house, she said, "It was the most horrible moment of my childhood."