Luther Campbell

Luther Roderick Campbell (born December 22, 1960), also known as Luke Skyywalker, Uncle Luke and simply Luke, is an American rapper, promoter, record executive, actor, and former leader of the rap group 2 Live Crew.

He is known for having helped create the Miami bass genre, for establishing one of the first rap groups and rap labels in Southern hip hop, and his sexually crude call and response lyrics which were unique for the time period.

He also starred in a short-lived show on VH1, Luke's Parental Advisory.

Luther Campbell was born on December 22, 1960, in Miami.

His mother was a beautician of Bahamian ancestry and his father was a custodian of Jamaican ancestry.

He was the youngest of five sons and was named after Martin Luther King Jr.

He was raised Catholic.

After graduating from Miami Beach Senior High School in 1979, Campbell was asked by his mother to leave the house every weekday from 8:30am to 4:30pm regardless of his employment status.

In the early 1980s, Campbell worked as a cook at Mount Sinai Hospital in Miami Beach and as a concert promoter in Miami, bringing rap groups of that era to Miami.

Campbell was also infamous in the late 1980s and early 1990s for his association with the University of Miami football team.

Campbell was alleged to have been behind what was referred to as a "pay-for-play" system, which involved cash rewards for acts such as scoring touchdowns and big hits, although Campbell has never actually donated to the University of Miami or its athletics department.

In 1983, he also enrolled in an eight-week study course at Miami public radio station WDNA, where he learned basic audio editing and production techniques.

In 1984, Campbell took notice of a single from California named "Revelation" by 2 Live Crew, which consisted of two rappers (Fresh Kid Ice and Amazing V) and a DJ (Mr. Mixx).

The single was a hit on the South Florida club circuit, and Campbell decided to bring them from California to Miami for a performance.

He took a special interest in the group and began managing them.

2 Live Crew eventually fully relocated to Florida without Amazing Vee and in 1986, 2 Live Crew recorded "Throw the D" with "Ghetto Bass" on the B-side, they went into a joint venture with Campbell to start Luke Skyywalker Records, which was also his first MC name.

In April of that year Brother Marquis joined the group in Miami.

Campbell gave The 2 Live Crew a record deal and officially joined the group.

They exploded on the local scene with their gold-selling debut album, The 2 Live Crew Is What We Are (1986).

This made Luke Skyyywalker and his bandmates rap superstars in south Florida.

In 1988, the group released their second album, Move Somethin'.

It was certified Gold and featured the singles "Move Somethin'" and "Do Wah Diddy Diddy".

The album improved on the charts from the previous album, making it to #68 on the Billboard 200 and #20 on the Top R&B/Hip Hop Albums chart.

Campbell decided to sell a separate clean version in addition to the explicit version of the album.

A record store clerk in Alexander City, Alabama, was cited for selling a copy to an undercover police officer in 1988.

It was the first time in the United States that a store owner was held liable for obscenity over music.

The charges were dropped after a jury found the owner not guilty.

Their third album As Nasty As They Wanna Be (1989) became the group's largest seller, being certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America.

In 1990, the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida ruled that the album was legally obscene; this ruling was later overturned by the Eleventh Circuit.

It is the first album in history to be deemed legally obscene.

An obscenity trial followed, in which Henry Louis Gates, Jr., addressed the court on behalf of the defendants, all of whom were eventually acquitted.

1990 saw the release of Banned in the U.S.A., originally credited as Campbell's solo album featuring 2 Live Crew and in later editions credited as a 2 Live Crew album.

The album included the hits "Do the Bart" and the title track.

It was also the very first release to bear the RIAA-standard Parental Advisory warning sticker.

It peaked at number 20 on the Hot 100.

The eponymous title single is a reference to the decision in a court case that the group's album As Nasty As They Wanna Be was obscene.

Bruce Springsteen granted the group permission to interpolate his song "Born in the U.S.A." for it.

Displeased over the decision of Florida Governor Bob Martinez who, on being asked to examine the album, decided it was obscene and recommended local law enforcement take action against it and over the subsequent action of Broward County, Florida, sheriff Nick Navarro, who arrested local record-store owners on obscenity charges for selling the group's albums and the subsequent arrest of members of the group on obscenity charges, the group included the song "Fuck Martinez", which also includes multiple repetitions of the phrase "fuck Navarro".

The group found two other men with the same names, and had them sign releases, as they thought that this action would make it impossible for Martinez or Navarro to sue them.

In 1993, Campbell threatened to go public with various alleged violations by the university's athletic department and its football program if Ryan Collins, a black player on the team, wasn't named starting quarterback that season.