Lina Wertmüller

Arcangela Felice Assunta Wertmüller (14 August 1928 – 9 December 2021), known as Lina Wertmüller, was an Italian film director and screenwriter.

Wertmüller was born Arcangela Felice Assunta Wertmüller in Rome in 1928 to Federico, a lawyer from Palazzo San Gervasio, Basilicata, belonging to a devoutly Catholic family of distant Swiss descent, and to Maria Santamaria-Maurizio born in Rome.

Wertmüller depicted her childhood as a period of adventure, during which she was expelled from 15 different Catholic high schools.

During this time, she was infatuated with comic books and described them as especially influential on her in her youth, particularly Alex Raymond's Flash Gordon.

Wertmüller characterized the framing of Raymond's comics as "rather cinematic, more cinematic than most films", an early indication of her inclination toward film.

Wertmüller's desire to work in the film and theater industries took hold at a young age, as early on in life she developed an appreciation for the works of the Russian playwrights Pietro Sharoff, Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko, and Konstantin Stanislavsky, drawing her into the world of performing arts.

After graduating from Accademia Nazionale di Arte Drammatica Silvio D'Amico in 1951, Wertmüller produced avant-garde plays, traveling throughout Europe and working as a puppeteer, stage manager, set designer, publicist, and radio/TV scriptwriter.

She joined Maria Signorelli's troupe in 1951.

These interests developed toward two generic avenues; one being the musical comedy and the other being grave, contemporary Italian dramas like the works of Italian playwright and director Giorgio De Lullo, whose work she described as "serious" and "politically conscious".

It is these two approaches that Wertmüller stated were at the core of her creative self, and always would be.

After her years spent touring with an avant-garde puppet group, Wertmüller set her sights on film.

In the early 1960s, Flora Carabella, a school friend, introduced Wertmüller to her husband, the actor Marcello Mastroianni, who in turn introduced her to the film director Federico Fellini, who became her mentor.

Although The Basilisks, which was scored by Ennio Morricone, was critically well received, it did not garner the sort of attention her later works did.

Throughout the 1960s, Wertmüller produced a series of films that were well liked but that failed to garner international success.

Darragh O'Donoghue wrote in Cineaste that generally "her early films comprise a fairly straight pastiche of neorealism and early Fellini (The Lizards, 1963), an episodic comedy, two musicals, and a Spaghetti Western (The Belle Starr Story, 1968, directed under the pseudonym Nathan Wich), works where knowledge of generic predecessors was essential".

Of these, her first collaboration with Giancarlo Giannini occurred in 1966's musical comedy Rita the Mosquito.

She is best known for her 1970s art house films Seven Beauties , The Seduction of Mimi, Love and Anarchy, and Swept Away.

Wertmüller was the first female director to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director.

She won many awards, including an Academy Honorary Award and a David di Donatello Career Achievement Award, and was nominated for many others, including a Golden Globe Award, two Academy Awards, and two Palme d'Or awards.

The 1970s saw the release of virtually all of Wertmüller's most influential and highly regarded films, many of which featured Giannini.

Some of these films were sponsored by American financiers and studios, but failed to have the breadth of reach that her 1970s output achieved.

According to Geoffrey Nowell-Smith's Companion to Italian Cinema, 1972 "marked the beginning of Wertmüller's golden age".

Beginning in 1972 with The Seduction of Mimi, and continuing until 1978 with Blood Feud, Wertmüller released seven films, many of which are considered masterpieces of Commedia all'italiana.

It was during this time she saw critical and international success, gaining traction as a filmmaker outside of Italy and in the United States on a scale that many of her contemporaries were baffled by and unable to attain.

In 1975, the National Board of Review in the United States awarded Swept Away Top Foreign Film, and in 1976, she became the first female director to be nominated for an Oscar, for Seven Beauties.

This film, which again features Giannini in the lead role, pushes Wertmüller's specific brand of tragic comedy to its limits, following a self-obsessed Casanova from a small Italian town who is sent to a German concentration camp.

The film initially met with controversy due to Wertmüller's frankness in her rendering of the apparatuses of genocide as well as her perceived macabre insensitivity toward its survivors, but since has been accepted as her masterwork.

Wertmüller then signed a contract with Warner Bros. to make four films.

The first was her first English-language film, A Night Full of Rain, which was entered into the 28th Berlin International Film Festival in 1978.

The film was not a success and Warner canceled the contract.

Wertmüller also had creative differences with the studio and wanted more freedom to create.

In the same year, Wertmüller had another unsuccessful film Blood Feud, a mafia thriller staring Giannini, Marcello Mastroianni and Sophia Loren.

After this period of acclaim, Wertmüller began to fade from international prominence, though she continued to release films well into the 1980s and '90s.

Wertmüller's 1983 film A Joke of Destiny was entered into the 14th Moscow International Film Festival in 1985 and Camorra (A Story of Streets, Women and Crime) was entered into the 36th Berlin International Film Festival in 1986.

In 1985, she received the Women in Film Crystal Award for outstanding women who, through endurance and the excellence of their work, have helped to expand the role of women within the entertainment industry.

These films are less widely seen and were neglected or disparaged by most, but Summer Night (1986) and Ferdinando & Carolina (1999) have since improved in reputation.

Ciao, Professore (1992) is one of her few films of this period that was relatively well-received as the number 10 film in Italy that year.

Wertmüller was married to Enrico Job (died 4 March 2008), an art designer who worked on several of her pictures.

In 2015, Wertmüller was the subject of a biographical film directed by Valerio Ruiz, Behind the White Glasses, in which she reflects on her life's work.

Wertmüller continued to work as a theater director until her death at her home on 9 December 2021, at the age of 93.