John B. Goodenough

John Bannister Goodenough (July 25, 1922 – June 25, 2023) was an American materials scientist, a solid-state physicist, and a Nobel laureate in chemistry.

John Goodenough was born in Jena, Germany, on July 25, 1922, to American parents, Erwin Ramsdell Goodenough (1893–1965) and Helen Miriam (Lewis) Goodenough.

He came from an academic family.

His father, a graduate student at Oxford when John was born, eventually became a professor of religious history at Yale.

His brother Ward became an anthropology professor at the University of Pennsylvania.

John also had two half-siblings from his father's second marriage: Ursula Goodenough, emeritus professor of biology at Washington University in St. Louis; and Daniel Goodenough, emeritus professor of biology at Harvard Medical School.

Goodenough suffered from dyslexia.

At the time, dyslexia was poorly understood by the medical community, and Goodenough's condition went undiagnosed and untreated.

Although his primary schools considered him "a backward student," he taught himself to write so that he could take the entrance exam for Groton School, the boarding school where his older brother was studying at the time.

He was awarded a full scholarship.

At Groton, his grades improved and he eventually graduated at the top of his class.

He also developed an interest in exploring nature, plants, and animals.

Although he was raised an atheist, he converted to Protestant Christianity in high school.

After Groton, Goodenough graduated summa cum laude from Yale, where he was a member of Skull and Bones.

He completed his coursework in early 1943 (after just two and a half years) and received his degree in 1944, covering his expenses by tutoring and grading exams.

He had initially sought to enlist in the military following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, but his mathematics professor convinced him to stay at Yale for another year so that he could finish his coursework, which qualified him to join the U.S. Army Air Corps' meteorology department.

They married in 1951.

The couple had no children.

After World War II ended, Goodenough obtained a master's degree and a Ph.D. in physics from the University of Chicago, the latter in 1952.

His doctoral supervisor was Clarence Zener, a theorist in electrical breakdown; he also worked and studied with physicists, including Enrico Fermi and John A. Simpson.

While at Chicago, he met Canadian history graduate student Irene Wiseman.

Over his career, Goodenough authored more than 550 articles, 85 book chapters and reviews, and five books, including two seminal works, Magnetism and the Chemical Bond (1963) and Les oxydes des metaux de transition (1973).

After his studies, Goodenough was a research scientist and team leader at the MIT Lincoln Laboratory for 24 years.

At MIT, he was part of an interdisciplinary team responsible for developing random access magnetic memory.

His research focused on magnetism and on the metal–insulator transition behavior in transition-metal oxides.

His research efforts on RAM led him to develop the concepts of cooperative orbital ordering, also known as a cooperative Jahn–Teller distortion, in oxide materials.

They subsequently led him to develop (with Junjiro Kanamori) the Goodenough–Kanamori rules, a set of semi-empirical rules to predict the sign of the magnetic superexchange in materials; superexchange is a core property for high-temperature superconductivity.

From 1996 he was a professor of Mechanical, Materials Science, and Electrical Engineering at the University of Texas at Austin.

He is credited with

identifying the Goodenough–Kanamori rules of the sign of the magnetic superexchange in materials, with developing materials for computer random-access memory and with inventing cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries.

Goodenough was born in Jena, Germany, to American parents.

During and after graduating from Yale University, Goodenough served as a U.S. military meteorologist in World War II.

He went on to obtain his Ph.D. in physics at the University of Chicago, became a researcher at MIT Lincoln Laboratory, and later the head of the Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory at the University of Oxford.

Goodenough was awarded the National Medal of Science, the Copley Medal, the Fermi Award, the Draper Prize, and the Japan Prize.

The John B. Goodenough Award in materials science is named for him.

Irene died in 2016.

Goodenough turned 100 on July 25, 2022.

He died at an assisted living facility in Austin, Texas, on June 25, 2023, one month shy of what would have been his 101st birthday.

In 2019, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry alongside M. Stanley Whittingham and Akira Yoshino; at 97 years old, he became the oldest Nobel laureate in history.

From August 27, 2021, until his death, he was the oldest living Nobel Prize laureate.