Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis

Jamal Ja'far Muhammad Ali Al Ibrahim (جمال جعفر محمد علي آل إبراهيم Jamāl Jaʿfar Muḥammad ʿAlīy ʾĀl ʾIbrāhīm, 16 November 1954 – 3 January 2020), known by the kunya Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis (أبو مهدي المهندس) was an Iranian-Iraqi commander of the Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF).

At the time of his death, he was deputy chief of the PMF and regarded as one of Iraq's most powerful men.

He was born on 16 November 1954 in Abu Al-Khaseeb District, Basra Governorate, Iraq, to an Iraqi father and an Iranian mother.

From 1977, he was an opponent of Saddam Hussein.

He became the commander of volunteer militias that grew from the need to combat ISIS, including the Kata'ib Hezbollah militia group, which is designated a terror organisation by the governments of Japan, the US and the UAE; and prior to that worked with the Iranian Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps against Saddam's regime.

Muhandis was on the United States list of designated terrorists.

He finished his studies in engineering in 1977 and in the same year joined the Shia-based Dawa Party, which opposed the Ba'athist government.

On 1979, after the activity of the Dawa Party was banned and hundreds of opponents were sentenced to death by Saddam Hussein.

Al-Muhandis fled, across the border to Ahvaz in Iran, where the Iranians had set up a camp to train Iraqi dissidents, with the aim of undermining Saddam.

He was known as Jamal al-Ibrahimi in Iran and he became a citizen of Iran after a marriage.

Allegations of terrorism have been levelled against him over his activities in Kuwait in the 1980s.

He began working with Iran's Revolutionary Guard in Kuwait in 1983, organizing attacks on embassies of countries that supported Saddam in the Iran–Iraq War.

Hours after the December 1983 bomb attacks on U.S. and French embassies in Kuwait, he fled to Iran.

He was later convicted and sentenced to death in absentia by a court in Kuwait for planning the attacks.

He was later appointed a military adviser to the Quds Force, advising on attacks against Iraqi military based in his hometown of Basra.

When U.S. officials realised his identity and connection with the 1983 attacks, they raised the issue with then-Iraqi prime minister Nouri Al-Maliki in 2006 or 2007.

He had to flee to Iran.

Muhandis was also accused of being linked to the IJO who participated in 1983 United States embassy bombing in Beirut.

He returned to Iraq following the 2003 U.S.-led invasion of Iraq and served as a security adviser to the first Iraqi prime minister after the invasion, Ibrahim al-Jaafari.

He formed Kata'ib Hezbollah between 2003 and 2007.

The charges were dropped when the new Iraqi government was formed in 2004.

The organisations he oversaw, such as the Popular Mobilization Forces have been reported to have close links to the IRGC's Quds Force.

In 2005, he was elected to the Iraqi Parliament as a Dawa Party representative for the Babil Governorate.

He was sentenced to death in absentia in 2007 by a court in Kuwait for his involvement in the 1983 Kuwait bombings.

However, this has been disputed due to his role in combating the Ba’ath Party regime rather than supporting it (via attacking Kuwait).

In 2009, al-Muhandis was sanctioned by the United States Department of the Treasury for allegedly helping the IRGC.

He returned to Iraq following the withdrawal of US troops (December 2011) to head the Kata'ib Hezbollah militia; he then became deputy chief of the Popular Mobilization Forces.

After the formation of the Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF) as a group in 2014 that originated to help Iraq defeat ISIL, he was appointed to command the group.

The PMF group was composed of some 40 militias that fought in nearly every major battle against ISIL.

On 31 December 2019, U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo named al-Muhandis, along with Qais Khazali, Hadi al-Amiri, and Falih Alfayyadh, as responsible for the attack on the United States embassy in Baghdad.

He was tracked down and killed by a targeted U.S. drone strike near Baghdad International Airport on 3 January 2020, which also killed the head of Iran’s expeditionary Quds Force Qasem Soleimani.

His birth name was Jamal Ja'far Muhammad Ali Al Ibrahim.

Abu Mahdi was killed on 3 January 2020 around 1:00a.m. local time (22:00 UTC 2January), by the U.S. drone strike which targeted Qasem Soleimani and his convoy near Baghdad International Airport.

BBC News, NBC News, DW News, Time, The Guardian, Euronews, Al Jazeera and other media outlets have described the killing as an assassination.

Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) group mentioned him as one of the symbols of Iraqi liberation from the US occupation and also condolences to the Iraqi for the death of Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis.

On 4 January, a funeral procession for Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis and Soleimani was held in Baghdad with thousands of mourners in attendance, waving Iraqi and militia flags and chanting "death to America, death to Israel".

The procession started at the Al-Kadhimiya Mosque in Baghdad.

Iraq's prime minister, Adil Abdul-Mahdi, and leaders of Iran-backed militias attended the funeral procession.

They were taken to the holy Shia cities of Najaf and Karbala were held funeral prayers on them.

He was transferred to Iran for the DNA test.