Abhinandan Varthaman

Group Captain Abhinandan Varthaman VrC (born 21 June 1983) is an Indian Air Force fighter pilot who was held captive in Pakistan for 60 hours after his MiG-21 Bison was shot down in an aerial dogfight that ensued after the Pakistan Air Force's (PAF) airstrikes in Jammu and Kashmir.

He was awarded the Vir Chakra by the Indian government.

Pakistan released videos and images showing Varthaman being rescued from a violent mob of villagers by its soldiers, receiving first aid, and being questioned while blindfolded.

Abhinandan Varthaman was born on 21 June 1983 in a Tamil Jain family.

Varthaman's family is from Thirupanamoor, a village about 19 km from Kanchipuram.

His father Simhakutty Varthaman is retired Air Marshal (IAF), his wife Tanvi Marwaha is also a retired Squadron Leader (IAF) and his mother is a doctor.

Varthaman was educated at Sainik School, Amaravathinagar.

He graduated from the National Defence Academy and was commissioned into the combat (fighter) stream of the IAF as a flying officer on 19 June 2004.

He was trained at the IAF centres in Bathinda and Halwara, promoted to flight lieutenant on 19 June 2006, and to squadron leader on 8 July 2010.

Varthaman was a Su-30 MKI fighter pilot before being assigned to the MiG-21 Bison squadron.

He was promoted to wing commander on 19 June 2017 and to group captain in November 2021.

Varthaman is married and lives in Chennai.

He and his wife have two children.

While the US defence ministry was unaware of the "F-16 count", the US State Department distanced itself from the "F-16 count" news report, saying in response to a direct request to confirm or deny it, “As a matter of policy, the Department does not publicly comment on details of government-to-government agreements on end-use monitoring of US-origin defence articles.” and highlighted that “It is important to note that since January 2018, the United States government has suspended security assistance to Pakistan”.

Videos and images released by Pakistani authorities showed Varthaman being rescued from a violent mob by Pakistani soldiers and being interrogated while tied and blindfolded with a bloody face.

Other videos showed him receiving first aid and being further interrogated over tea.

The media received a mixed reception; some commentators criticised the reports as a "vulgar display" while others praised the intervention of the Pakistani soldiers when Varthaman was in the hands of the mob and was being beaten.

The release of the videos was suspected of being a violation of the Geneva Conventions and were deleted by Pakistani authorities after they went viral.

Experts gave different opinions about the validity of the Geneva Conventions in this case.

Varthaman was subsequently released on what Pakistan said was humanitarian grounds and returned to India on 1 March 2019.

On 27 February 2019, Varthaman was flying a MiG-21 as a part of a sortie that was scrambled to intercept airstrikes in Jammu and Kashmir by Pakistan Air Force.

He lost communications with the IAF command and inadvertently crossed into Pakistani airspace during a dogfight that ensued, during which his aircraft was struck by a missile.

Varthaman ejected and safely descended into the village of Horran in Pakistan-administered Kashmir, approximately 7 km from the Line of Control.

Local villagers said Varthaman could be identified as an Indian pilot by the Indian flag on his parachute.

Upon landing, Varthaman asked the villagers whether he was in India or Pakistan, to which a boy lied by saying "India".

Varthaman reportedly chanted "Bharat Mata ki Jay", to which the locals responded with "Pakistan Zindabad".

Then, he began firing warning shots.

The villagers captured and manhandled Varthaman before he was rescued by the Pakistan Army.

Later that day, the Indian Ministry of External Affairs confirmed an Indian pilot was missing in action after a MiG-21 Bison fighter aircraft was lost while engaging with Pakistani jets.

A statement released by the IAF claimed that before the crash, Varthaman had shot down a PAF Lockheed Martin F-16.

At a media briefing on 2 March 2019, nearly two days after the aerial engagement between PAF and IAF, the IAF displayed the parts of AIM-120 AMRAAM missiles, which could be used only by the PAF's F-16.

The IAF also said they had identified the electronic signatures of the aircraft and confirmed that F-16 were used during the skirmish.

As claimed by Indian media, according to an agreement between the US and Pakistan, Pakistan is only allowed to use the F-16 against terrorists.

However, Foreign Policy magazine quoting an anonymous U.S. official stated that the agreement did not involve any such terms "limiting the use of the F-16s".

Scholarly analysis and Pakistan's Inter-Services Public Relations Director General refuted the later claims and said F-16s had not been used in the incident.

The US-based Foreign Policy magazine, quoting two anonymous US defence ministry officials, reported in April 2019 that an audit didn't find any Pakistani F-16s missing, and that all jets were accounted for.

A day later, the US defence ministry stated it was “not aware” of any investigation that was conducted to ascertain if Pakistan had lost an F-16 in a dogfight with Indian fighter jets on February 27.

On 28 February 2019, Imran Khan, the prime minister of Pakistan, announced at a joint sitting of the Parliament of Pakistan, that the government had decided to release Varthaman the next day as a "gesture of peace".

If some news sources are to be believed, "India and Pakistan came perilously close to firing missiles at each other on February 27, with Prime Minister Narendra Modi deciding to up the ante after the capture of MiG-21 Bison pilot Wing Commander Abhinandan Varthaman by Pakistan, and Research and Analysis Wing secretary Anil Dhasmana communicating to his Pakistan counterpart Inter Services Intelligence chief Lieutenant General Asim Munir that there would be an escalation in the Indian offensive if the pilot was harmed."

Shah Mehmood Qureshi, the Foreign Minister of Pakistan, said his government announced the release of the IAF Wing Commander out of a desire for peace and that there was no compulsion or pressure on Pakistan, as was implied by the Indian media.